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Frank M. Painter

About Frank M. Painter

I was introduced to Chiro.Org in early 1996, where my friend Joe Garolis helped me learn HTML, the "mark-up language" for websites. We have been fortunate that journals like JMPT have given us permission to reproduce some early important articles in Full-Text format. Maintaining the Org website has been, and remains, my favorite hobby.

Approach to Cervicogenic Dizziness: A Comprehensive Review of its Aetiopathology and Management

By |December 26, 2019|Cervicogenic Dizziness|

Approach to Cervicogenic Dizziness: A Comprehensive Review of its Aetiopathology and Management

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018 (Oct)

K. Devaraja

Department of Otorhinolaryngology,
Kasturba Medical College,
Manipal Academy of Higher Education,
Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India.


PURPOSE:   Though there is abundant literature on cervicogenic dizziness with at least half a dozen of review articles, the condition remains to be enigmatic for clinicians dealing with the dizzy patients. However, most of these studies have studied the cervicogenic dizziness in general without separating the constitute conditions. Since the aetiopathological mechanism of dizziness varies between these cervicogenic causes, one cannot rely on the universal conclusions of these studies unless the constitute conditions of cervicogenic dizziness are separated and contrasted against each other.

METHODS:   This narrative review of recent literature revisits the pathophysiology and the management guidelines of various conditions causing the cervicogenic dizziness, with an objective to formulate a practical algorithm that could be of clinical utility.

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CHIROPRACTIC and VERTIGO and/or BALANCE Page

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Cervicogenic Dizziness

By |December 26, 2019|Cervicogenic Dizziness|

Cervicogenic Dizziness

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Oxford Medical Case Reports 2019 (Dec 9)

Eric Chun Pu Chu, Wui Ling Chin, and Amiya Bhaumik

New York Chiropractic & Physiotherapy Center,
New York Medical Group


Cervical muscles have numerous connections with vestibular, visual and higher centres, and their interactions can produce effective proprioceptive input. Dysfunction of the cervical proprioception because of various neck problems can alter orientation in space and cause a sensation of disequilibrium. Cervicogenic dizziness (CGD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the presence of dizziness and associated neck pain in patients with cervical pathology. Here, we report a 24–year-old female, who was diagnosed with CGD based on the correlating episodes of neck pain and dizziness. Both symptoms improved with targeted chiropractic adjustment and ultrasound therapy. CGD is a seemingly simple complaint for patients, but tends to be a controversial diagnosis because there are no specific tests to confirm its causality. For CGD to be considered, an appropriate management for the neck pain should not be denied any patient.

KEYWORDS:   cervical proprioception; cervicogenic dizziness; chiropractic adjustment; neck pain

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CHIROPRACTIC and VERTIGO and/or BALANCE Page

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Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome

By |December 12, 2019|Chiropractic Care|

Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   International Medical Case Reports 2019 (Aug 8); 12: 261–264

Eric Chun Pu Chu, Kary Ka Wai Lam

New York Chiropractic and Physiotherapy Center,
New York Medical Group


Most developed countries eliminated paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) in the 1970s to 1980s. It was believed that after recovery from acute paralytic poliomyelitis, the physical condition of survivors would remain stable for the rest of their lives. However, the elimination of polio does not equate the end of medical management of polio. Hundreds of thousands of polio survivors worldwide are still at risk of developing the late effects of the disease. Here, we report a case of post-polio syndrome who attended our clinic for the presence of new weakness and neuromuscular problems six decades after recovery from paralytic polio. It is essential that health professionals be aware of these conditions and have an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the symptoms.

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Conditions That Respond Well to Chiropractic Page

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Why Aren’t Chiropractic Physicians Treating More Children

By |December 6, 2019|Pediatrics|

Why Aren’t Chiropractic Physicians Treating More Children with Complex Diagnoses?

A Commentary on Documenting P.A.R.T. for Diagnosing and Treating Special Needs Children

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Journal of Clinical Chiropractic Pediatrics 2019 (Nov); 18 (2)

Eric Epstein, DC, Jean Elizabeth Grabowski and Richard Duenas, DC, DABCN

Kentuckiana Children’s Center,
Louisville, KY


According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) guidelines, chiropractors are deemed physicians in the Medicare system and for consistency throughout the term chiropractic physician will encompass chiropractor, chiropractic doctor, doctor of chiropractic and chiropractic physician. Chiropractic physicians must document subluxation of the spine through x-ray or physical examination.

The documentation of subluxation of the spine through physical examination includes the identification of two out of four criteria including:

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PEDIATRICS Section

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The Effect of Spinal Manipulation on Brain Neurometabolites

By |December 3, 2019|Low Back Pain, Neurology|

The Effect of Spinal Manipulation on Brain Neurometabolites in Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Irish Journal of Medical Science 2019 (Nov 26) [Epub]

Daryoush Didehdar, Fahimeh Kamali, Amin Kordi Yoosefinejad, Mehrzad Lotfi

Department of Physical Therapy,
School of Rehabilitation Sciences,
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran.



BACKGROUND:   In patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (NCLBP), brain function changes due to the neuroplastic changes in different regions.

AIM:   The current study aimed to evaluate the brain metabolite changes after spinal manipulation, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).

METHODS:   In the current study, 25 patients with NCLBP aged 20-50 years were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to lumbopelvic manipulation or sham. Patients were evaluated before and 5 weeks after treatment by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and 1H-MRS.

RESULTS:   After treatment, severity of pain and functional disability were significantly reduced in the treatment group vs. sham group (p < 0.05). After treatment, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in thalamus, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) regions, as well as choline (Cho) in the thalamus, insula, and somatosensory cortex (SSC) regions, had increased significantly in the treatment group compared with the sham group (p < 0.05). A significant increase was further observed in NAA in thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and SCC regions along with Cho metabolite in thalamus and SCC regions after treatment in the treatment group compared with the baseline measures (p < 0.05).

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LOW BACK Section

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Chiropractic Maintenance Care – What’s New?

By |November 22, 2019|Maintenance Care|

Chiropractic Maintenance Care – What’s New?
A Systematic Review of the Literature

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Chiropractic & Osteopathy 2019 (Non 21); 27: 63

Axén Iben, Hestbaek Lise & Leboeuf-Yde Charlotte

Karolinska Institutet,
Institute of Environmental Medicine,
Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health,
Nobels väg 13, 171 77,
Stockholm, Sweden


Background   Maintenance Care is a traditional chiropractic approach, whereby patients continue treatment after optimum benefit is reached. A review conducted in 1996 concluded that evidence behind this therapeutic strategy was lacking, and a second review from 2008 reached the same conclusion. Since then, a systematic research program in the Nordic countries was undertaken to uncover the definition, indications, prevalence of use and beliefs regarding Maintenance Care to make it possible to investigate its clinical usefulness and cost-effectiveness. As a result, an evidence-based clinical study could be performed. It was therefore timely to review the evidence.

Method   Using the search terms “chiropractic OR manual therapy” AND “Maintenance Care OR prevention”, PubMed and Web of Science were searched, and the titles and abstracts reviewed for eligibility, starting from 2007. In addition, a search for “The Nordic Maintenance Care Program” was conducted. Because of the diversity of topics and study designs, a systematic review with narrative reporting was undertaken.

Results   Fourteen original research articles were included in the review. Maintenance Care was defined as a secondary/tertiary preventive approach, recommended to patients with previous pain episodes, who respond well to chiropractic care. Maintenance Care is applied to approximately 30% of Scandinavian chiropractic patients. Both chiropractors and patients believe in the efficacy of Maintenance Care. Four studies investigating the effect of chiropractic Maintenance Care were identified, with disparate results on pain and disability of neck and back pain. However, only one of these studies utilized all the existing evidence when selecting study subjects and found that Maintenance Care patients experienced fewer days with low back pain compared to patients invited to contact their chiropractor ‘when needed’. No studies were found on the cost-effectiveness of Maintenance Care.

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MAINTENANCE CARE Page

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