All About Chiropractic

Chiropractic Students Versus Emergency Care Practitioners in Simulated Musculoskeletal Emergencies

By Frank M. Painter|November 11, 2025|All About Chiropractic, Care Plans, Cervical Disk Herniation, Chiropractic Education, Chiropractic Management, Diagnosis, Escalation of Care, Evidence-based Medicine|

Chiropractic Students Versus Emergency Care Practitioners in Simulated Musculoskeletal Emergencies

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SOURCE: Health SA 2025 (Oct 31): 30: 3195

Ivanna Balanco • Helen Slabber • Christopher Yelverton

Department of Chiropractic,
Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, South Africa.

Background: As primary contact practitioners, chiropractors and emergency care practitioners (ECPs are first points of access for patients with musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints. A comparison of their diagnostic competency in distinguishing these presentations from underlying emergency pathologies remains an understudied area.

Aim: To compare the diagnostic abilities of Master of Health Science (MHSc) chiropractic students and ECPs in distinguishing MSK from emergency conditions.

Setting: The research was conducted at the University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Health Sciences, simulation laboratory.

Methods: First-year (n = 10) and second-year Master’s (n = 10) chiropractic students and ECPs (n = 10) were assessed using standardised patient scenarios: meningitis, disc herniation and stroke, and assessed on diagnostic assessment, diagnosis and clinical and diagnostic investigation referrals.

Results: Second-year MHSc students outperformed ECPs in the clinical management of a disc herniation case (Case 2; p < 0.01). Diagnostic accuracy was high (> 90%) for meningitis and stroke across all groups. Differences in investigation preferences emerged, with chiropractic students favouring advanced imaging and ECPs recommending more basic tests. No significant performance differences were found in the other two cases.

Conclusion: Based on a simulated assessment, chiropractic students demonstrated equivalent competence to emergency care practitioners (ECPs) in diagnosing emergencies, but outperformed them in managing an MSK condition. These preliminary findings suggest chiropractors could contribute to the management of MSK burden in emergency departments.

Contribution: MHSc chiropractic training enhances diagnostic proficiency in differentiating MSK disorders from emergent pathologies, an important competency for safe and effective practice as primary contact practitioners.

Keywords: chiropractic; clinical competence; diagnosis; emergency medical services; musculoskeletal disease; simulation.

From the FULL TEXT Article:

Introduction

Musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions represent a significant global health burden, ranking as the second leading cause of disability worldwide and affecting approximately one in five working-age adults (Lowe, Taylor & Hill 2017; Weinstein 2016). Back pain, a prevalent MSK complaint, contributes substantially to reduced work productivity, absenteeism and healthcare costs (Ingram & Symmons 2018; Menke 2003). This high prevalence strains healthcare systems, leading to long wait times for specialist care, including surgery (Joshipura & Gosselin 2020).

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Attitudes Towards Chiropractic: A Repeated Cross-sectional Survey of Canadian Family Physicians

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SOURCE: BMC Family Practice 2021 (Sep 15); 22 (1): 188

Jason W. Busse, DC, PhD; Sushmitha Pallapothu, BSc; Brian Vinh, BSc; Vivienne Lee, BSc; et. al.

Department of Health Research Methods,
Evidence, and Impact,
McMaster University,
Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Background: Many primary care patients receive both medical and chiropractic care; however, interprofessional relations between physicians and chiropractors are often suboptimal which may adversely affect care of shared patients. We surveyed Canadian family physicians in 2010 to explore their attitudes towards chiropractic and re-administered the same survey a decade later to explore for changes in attitudes.

Methods: A 50-item survey administered to a random sample of Canadian family physicians in 2010, and again in 2019, that inquired about demographic variables, knowledge and use of chiropractic. Imbedded in our survey was a 20-item chiropractic attitude questionnaire (CAQ); scores could range from 0 to 80 with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward chiropractic. We constructed a multivariable regression model to explore factors associated with CAQ scores.

Results: Among eligible physicians, 251 of 685 in 2010 (37% response rate) and 162 of 2429 in 2019 (7% response rate) provided a completed survey. Approximately half of respondents (48%) endorsed a positive impression of chiropractic, 27% were uncertain, and 25% held negative views. Most respondents (72%) referred at least some patients for chiropractic care, mainly due to patient request or lack of response to medical care. Most physicians believed that chiropractors provide effective therapy for some musculoskeletal complaints (84%) and disagreed that chiropractic care was beneficial for non-musculoskeletal conditions (77%). The majority agreed that chiropractic care was a useful supplement to conventional care (65%) but most respondents (59%) also indicated that practice diversity among chiropractors presented a barrier to interprofessional collaboration. In our adjusted regression model, attitudes towards chiropractic showed trivial improvement from 2010 to 2019 (0.31 points on the 80-point CAQ; 95%CI 0.001 to 0.62). More negative attitudes were associated with older age (- 1.55 points for each 10-year increment from age 28; 95%CI – 2.67 to – 0.44), belief that adverse events are common with chiropractic care (- 1.41 points; 95% CI – 2.59 to – 0.23) and reported use of the research literature (- 6.04 points; 95% CI – 8.47 to – 3.61) or medical school (- 5.03 points; 95% CI – 7.89 to – 2.18) as sources of knowledge on chiropractic. More positive attitudes were associated with endorsing a relationship with a specific chiropractor (5.24 points; 95% CI 2.85 to 7.64), family and friends (4.06 points; 95% CI 1.53 to 6.60), or personal treatment experience (4.63 points; 95% CI 2.14 to 7.11) as sources of information regarding chiropractic.

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