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Frank M. Painter

About Frank M. Painter

I was introduced to Chiro.Org in early 1996, where my friend Joe Garolis helped me learn HTML, the "mark-up language" for websites. We have been fortunate that journals like JMPT have given us permission to reproduce some early important articles in Full-Text format. Maintaining the Org website has been, and remains, my favorite hobby.

A Systematic Review of Chiropractic Management of Adults with Whiplash Associated Disorders: Recommendations for Advancing Evidence-based Practice and Research

By |September 12, 2011|Guidelines, Whiplash|

A Systematic Review of Chiropractic Management of Adults with Whiplash Associated Disorders: Recommendations for Advancing Evidence-based Practice and Research

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Journal of the Academy of Chiropractic Orthopedists 2011 (Mar); 8 (1)


By: Lynn Shaw, Martin Descarreaux, Roland Bryans, Mireille Duranleau, Henri Marcoux, Brock Potter, Rick Ruegg, Robert Watkin, Eleanor White


The literature relevant to the treatment of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD) is extensive and heterogeneous.

Methods: A Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach was used to engage a chiropractic community of practice and stakeholders in a systematic Review to address a general question: ‘Does chiropractic management of WAD clients have an effect on improving health status?’ A systematic review of the empirical studies relevant to WAD interventions was conducted followed by a review of the evidence.

Results: The initial search identified 1155 articles. Ninety-two of the articles were retrieved, and 27 articles consistent with specific criteria of WAD intervention were analyzed in-depth. The best evidence supporting the chiropractic management of clients with WAD is reported. For the review identified ways to overcome gaps needed to inform clinical practice and culminated in the development of a proposed care model: The WAD-Plus Model.

Conclusions: There is a baseline of evidence that suggests chiropractic care improves the cervical range of motion (cROM) and pain in the management of WAD. However, the level of this evidence relevant to clinical practice remains low or draws on clinical consensus at this time. The WAD-Plus Model has implications for use by chiropractors and interdisciplinary professionals in the assessment and management of acute, sub-acute and chronic pain due to WAD. Furthermore, the WAD-Plus Model can be used in the future study of interventions and outcomes to advanced evidenced-based care in the management of WAD.

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Whiplash Page

The FULL TEXT Article:

Background

(more…)

How To Use the Evaluation & Management (E&M) Codes Properly: Part III

By |September 11, 2011|Evaluation & Management, Guidelines|

How To Use the Evaluation & Management (E&M) Codes Properly:

Part III: Mastering the E/M Guidelines

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Chiropractic Economics

By Kathy Mills Chang, MCS-P


Part III:   Mastering
the Evaluation & Management
(E&M) Guidelines

Jump to:   Part 1 or Part 2


The medical decision making component ties it all together.

Welcome to part three this focus series on the evaluation and management (E/M) guidelines. This will wrap up what you need to know to stay compliant with E/M coding for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

In the last installment, the elements of your patient’s examination were reviewed and you learned how it is the second of the three key elements of the patient’s E/M service. Now, the third part of this E/M documentation series will unravel the final component of the E/M code: medical decision making (MDM). For chiropractors, this is usually the diagnosis and treatment plan.

Three key components of the E/M guidelines:

  1. Patient history
  2. Examination
  3. Medical Decision Making (MDM)

Remember that your patient’s medical record should establish a chronological record of exams, tests and results, and treatments and treatment plans (including the diagnosis and prognosis of the illness or disease). The medical record should corroborate the reimbursement request and is requisitioned by most payers for adjudication of claims when reimbursement is in question. (more…)

How To Use the Evaluation & Management (E&M) Codes Properly: Part II

By |September 10, 2011|Evaluation & Management, Guidelines|

How To Use the Evaluation & Management (E&M) Codes Properly:

Part II: A Closer Look at E/M Guidelines

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Chiropractic Economics

By Kathy Mills Chang, MCS-P


Part II:   A Closer Look at
Evaluation & Management
(E&M) Guidelines

Jump to:   Part 1 or Part 3


Make sure you know how to fulfill the “examination” component. In part one of this series, the components of a patient’s history were reviewed, and you learned how it is the first of three elements that help you justify and document your evaluation and management (E/M) service. In the second part of this series, you’ll learn about the objective information required to properly document the examination.


Remember, the medical record establishes a chronological record of exams; tests and results; treatments; and treatment plans, including the diagnosis and prognosis of the illness or disease. Its job is to corroborate the reimbursement request and is requisitioned by most payers for adjudication of claims when reimbursement is in question.

For this reason, your medical record is a vital piece of the reimbursement puzzle, too. Understanding all the requirements, including those of the examination, is critical.

There are four levels of E/M services that are based on four types of examinations: (more…)

How To Use the Evaluation & Management (E&M) Codes Properly: Part I

By |September 9, 2011|Evaluation & Management, Guidelines|

How To Use the Evaluation & Management (E&M) Codes Properly:

Part I: The 3 Key Components of the E/M Guidelines

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Chiropractic Economics

By Kathy Mills Chang, MCS-P


Part I:   The 3 Key Components of
the Evaluation & Management
(E&M) Guidelines

Jump to:   Part 2 or Part 3


In order to document your history, diagnosis, and treatment of patients in accord with rules set out by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Office of Inspector General (OIG), your patient record should address: (1) Patient history, (2) Examination, and (3) Medical decision-making (MDM). These three components are addressed in the following three articles, which also make reference to the Sample Worksheet included with Part III

As regulatory and insurance guidelines tighten, the quality of your evaluation and management documentation is more important than ever before.

Just like a great story, the patient’s notes for an episode of care must have a beginning, middle, and end. This article is a review of the first of three parts of evaluation and management (E/M) documentation, and its focus is on the beginning of the patient’s story — the history. More information on the next two key E/M components will be presented in future issues of this magazine. (more…)

The Biological Rationale For Possible Benefits of Spinal Manipulation

By |September 7, 2011|Spinal Manipulation|

The Biological Rationale For Possible Benefits of Spinal Manipulation

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Chapter X; AHCPR Publication No. 98-N002: December 1997

By Howard T. Vernon, DC


Manipulation is a form of treatment that dates to antiquity and has been practiced in some form in most cultures since that time (Lomax, 1997; Anderson, 1992). One of the first theories related to manipulation might be the statement attributed to Hippocrates: “Look to the spine as the cause of disease.” The theories of the early pioneers of chiropractic were firmly grounded in notions that had been widely held in the 1800s, particularly the idea of “spinal irritability” and its correlation with disease (Lomax, 1997; Terrett, 1987). Theories on the nature of the primary spinal disorder amenable to manipulation and on the mechanisms of action of spinal manipulation abound within chiropractic, osteopathy, physiotherapy, and manual medicine. The original chiropractic theory suggested that misaligned spinal vertebrae interfered with nerve function, ultimately resulting in altered physiology that could contribute to pain and disease. In recent decades, chiropractic theories about how mechanical spinal joint dysfunction might influence neurophysiology have undergone significant modification and reflect more contemporary views of physiology (Gatterman, 1995).

Spinal manipulative procedures produce a short-lasting (100-300 milliseconds), high velocity impulse into the body (Herzog, 1996; Triano, 1992). Herzog (1996, p.271) has summarized the work done on manipulative forces in his laboratory (Conway, 1993; Gal, 1995; Kawchuk, 1992; Kawchuk, 1993; Herzog, 1991; Herzog, 1993a; Herzog, 1993b; Herzog, 1995; Hessel, 1990; Suter, 1994) as follows:

  1. “The peak and preload forces achieved in CSMT (chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy) were lowest for (manipulations) in the cervical spine” while being similar in the thoracic and lumbo-pelvic regions.
  2. “The peak forces achieved using a (mechanical assistive adjusting device) were considerably smaller than any of the peak forces resulting from CSMT.”

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Subluxation and Neurology Page

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Clinical Brief: Depression Screening and Treatment

By |September 6, 2011|Depression Screening|

Clinical Brief: Depression Screening and Treatment

The Chiro.Org Blog


SOURCE:   Topics in Integrative Health Care 2011 (June 30); 2 (2)


By Cheryl Hawk, DC, PhD, CHES


Depression is a condition seen frequently in primary care practice as well as by practitioners who treat patients with chronic pain. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all adults be screened for depression and those who screen positive for depression be appropriately referred for additional assessment and management. Cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, physical activity and mindful exercise are all accepted approaches to treatment of depression.

 

From the FULL TEXT Article:

Epidemiology

Depression, formally referred to as major depressive disorder (MDD), has a lifetime prevalence of 13%. When screened at a primary care visit, about 43% of patients who suffer from MDD report suicidal ideation within the past week. [1]

Depression is ranked 1st for causes of years of life lived with a disability (YLD) and 3rd for quality-adjusted life years (QALY) in older adults. [2] Depression may increase the risk of physical disability, coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus and mortality. It is also a major risk factor for suicide. Depression has a significant economic burden; direct and indirect costs were estimated to be $83 billion in 2000. [2]


Assessment of Depression in Primary Care (more…)